Präzisions-Zwischenringe & Gummiringe: Steifigkeit des Messersatzes, Spalt- und TIR-Kontrolle

Ihr Nutzen als Leser: Toleranzen, Einrichtung, Verifizierung und ROI-Protokollierung.Konkrete Spezifikationen für die Anfrage, Prüfschritte vor dem Festspannen und Messgrößen für die Überwachung, damit sich „bessere Werkzeuge“ in messbare Maschinenlaufzeit (Uptime) übersetzen.

Das Hochgeschwindigkeits-Längsteilen von Coils scheitert meist nicht an „schlechten“ Messern. Es scheitert, weil das vermeintlich eingestellte Axialspiel nicht dem tatsächlichen Spalt entspricht, den der Messersatz einhält, sobald er festgespannt, beschleunigt, erwärmt und durch die Bandzugkräfte seitlich weggedrückt wird.

Aus diesem Grund sind ein konstantes axiales Seitenspiel und die Steifigkeit des Messersatzes (Stack Stiffness) so eng mit Gratbildung (Burr Height), Kantenwelligkeit (Edge Wave) und vorzeitigem Ausbrechen der Schneide (Early Chipping) verknüpft. Wenn Ihr Messersatz unter Last „atmet“ – sei es durch Mikrometerfehler bei der Parallelität der Zwischenringe, einen plastisch verformten Gummiring oder eine beschädigte Anlagefläche –, wird das Axialspiel zu einer unkontrollierbaren Variable.

If you’re running rotary slitting / roller shearing knife sets, the same fundamentals show up in the blade geometry and tolerance discussions on Maxtor Metal’s page for Rollenschermesser für Längsteilanlagen: clearance and runout targets are always written as process windows—because the machine only performs as well as the stack-up discipline.

• Why constant axial side‑clearance and stack stiffness control burr, edge quality, and blade life: stable clearance keeps the fracture zone and shear zone where you expect them, rather than drifting into tearing or overload.
• How precision slitting spacers and rubber rings act together under load at speed: spacers create a rigid geometry; rings add controlled preload and damping so the geometry stays put dynamically.

Mechanik des Axialspiels (Seitenspiel-Mechanik)

Fracture–shear meeting point

Rotary slitting is a controlled failure. The clean part of the edge comes from shearing; the burr and raggedness come from fracture and tearing. Your job is to keep that transition consistent along the coil.

When horizontal clearance is too loose, the strip tends to stretch and tear around the knives, which pushes burr up. When it’s too tight, cutting forces rise and operators often compensate by driving more overlap—another path to burr and damage. Trade guidance such as The Fabricator’s discussion of “slit-in” coil slitting problems ties edge defects directly to clearance and overlap discipline.

The practical takeaway: you can’t judge side-clearance only at standstill. What matters is clearance under load, because that’s what defines whether you stay in a shear-dominant regime or drift into tearing.

Assembly stiffness dynamics

A slitting stack is a spring system. One practical way to think about it is slitter knife stack stiffness: how much the whole pack resists micro-movement once it’s clamped and loaded.

• the arbor and hubs flex
• the knives act like thin rings that can deflect
• the spacer pack transmits clamp load
• rubber rings (when used) behave like compliant preload elements

At speed, even small stiffness losses show up as clearance variation. Once clearance varies, you get asymmetric loading on the knife corners—one side is overloaded, the other isn’t working—so wear patterns accelerate and micro-chipping becomes more likely.

Wichtigste Erkenntnis: If your burr is inconsistent across lanes or drifts over a run, treat it as a stiffness/stack-up problem before you treat it as a “knife material” problem.

Role of precision slitting spacers

Precision slitting spacers do two jobs that basic shims can’t reliably do:

1. Lock the geometry: thickness, parallelism, and seating quality keep the knife faces square to the arbor axis.
2. Keep the stack repeatable: you can break down and rebuild without “tuning by feel” every shift.

In other words, spacers are what make side-clearance a controlled parameter rather than a habit.

Spezifikationen für Präzisions-Zwischenringe

Where this section fits: When people search for precision slitting spacers, they’re usually trying to eliminate thickness drift and clearance variation—so the spec has to be explicit and measurable.

Thickness and parallelism

Thickness tolerance is only half the story. Parallelism (and the cleanliness of the faces that establish it) is what prevents your knife faces from “walking” under load.

A practical way to specify this in procurement language:

• Thickness tolerance appropriate to your slit width tolerance and lane count (tighter stacks amplify small errors).
• Parallelism/flatness targets consistent with the line’s edge-quality requirement.

In multi-knife work, cumulative error is real. If you want a practical starting point for what published knife sets can hold, Maxtor Metal’s roller shearing blades page includes examples of tight thickness/parallelism targets for rotary slitter knives—useful as context when you’re setting expectations for the spacer pack as well.

If your drawings rely on general tolerances, referencing ISO 2768‑1:1989 general tolerances is one way to standardize “default” expectations for non-critical dimensions (so suppliers interpret unspecified dimensions consistently). For fit-critical diameters, a limits-and-fits system such as ISO 286‑1:2010 provides the standard framework.

In procurement terms, ISO 286 helps you specify tolerance zones for hole/shaft systems (the notation on drawings defines the allowable size range and the intended fit). Whatever system you use, make it auditable: tie spacer/knife/arbor fits to a measurable inspection plan (bore/shaft measurements, runout checks, and a retained inspection record).

Runout and arbor fit

Side-clearance is only as stable as the stack’s seating and fit on the arbor.

If the spacer bore fit is sloppy, you can build runout into the stack even if every individual part measures “in spec” on a bench. For fit language, ISO 286‑1 gives the standard framework used to define hole/shaft tolerance systems.

What to do in practice:

• Use a consistent fit strategy for spacers, knives, and arbors.
• Inspect seating faces for burrs, dents, and fretting marks—small defects create effective runout.
• Treat any repeated “mystery burr” as a reason to check axial runout at the knife OD, not only thickness.

For the ISO fit class selection, TIR acceptance tiers, and blue-check protocol that define a complete spindle fit verification, see the OEM-Kreismesser-Bauplan: Spindelpassungs-Audit, ISO-Toleranzen & TIR-Grenzwerte.

Material and identification

Spacer materials and surface condition matter because they affect wear, fretting, and long-term repeatability.

Minimum identification discipline for a production environment:

• each spacer set is labeled by thickness and lane position
• damaged parts are quarantined (not “put back in the box”)
• measurement records are tied to a lot or serial so drift can be traced

That traceability mindset is also what procurement teams expect when the line is under ISO-driven quality systems.

Montage und Anordnung der Gummiringe (Auswerferringe)

Durometer and sizing

Rubber rings are often treated as consumables, but in a high-speed slitting head they function like a preload and damping element.

• Durometer affects how much the ring deforms under clamp load and how stable that load remains during heat and time.
• Sizing (cross-section and ID/OD relationship to the stack) affects whether the ring compresses uniformly or extrudes into gaps.

A useful rule: choose rings as if you were selecting a critical machine element, not a generic seal.

A practical way to start durometer selection is to treat it as a balance between preload stability (too soft → clamp load decays sooner) and heat/energy management (too hard → less damping, more marking risk).

Ranges depend on OEM arbor design, clamp method, stack format, temperature, and lubricant exposure. Use first-off validation and burr/runout trends to confirm your working window.

If you’re troubleshooting rotary slitter side clearance drift, ring selection is worth checking as carefully as spacer thickness—because loss of preload shows up as clearance variation before it shows up as a visibly failed ring.

Target compression window

A practical setup mindset is to treat this as rubber ring compression slitting: you’re using controlled squeeze to hold and damp the stack, not to “crush” it.

You don’t need a single universal “best” compression number to run a disciplined setup. You need a repeatable compression window that:

• provides enough preload to stabilize the stack
• avoids over-squeezing that accelerates heat build-up and permanent set
• stays consistent across lanes

As a directional starting point, in many steel coil slitting configurations a target compression window of ~5–12% of the ring’s free cross-section thickness is commonly used. Adjust based on ring material (NBR/PU/TPU), clamp method, stack format, and thermal environment.

In general elastomer engineering, too much sustained compression increases the risk of permanent deformation (compression set) and early loss of recovery. ASTM’s legacy work on elastomer seals under sustained compression is a good reminder that squeeze is not “free”—it changes long-term behavior.

Failure modes and fixes

Most ring problems show up as clearance instability, not as an obvious “broken part.” Common patterns:

• Compression set (ring takes a set) → preload decays; burr slowly increases or becomes inconsistent.
  • Fix: replace rings on a cadence; avoid overheating; verify clamp procedure.
• Extrusion into gaps → ring edges shear or smear; debris appears; stack loses repeatability.
  • Fix: correct sizing, reduce clearance gaps, confirm ring position and support.
• Swelling/chemical attack → ring dimensions change; clamp load becomes unpredictable.
  • Fix: verify compatibility with lubricants/coolants; isolate rings from aggressive fluids.
• Heat aging/hardening → ring loses damping; vibration marks or noise increases.
  • Fix: adjust material selection; keep temperature under control; improve housekeeping.

These show up operationally as coil slitting burr control becoming unstable: the same nominal settings produce different burr height across lanes or over time.

Einrichtung und Verifizierung

Pre‑clamp checks

Before you clamp the stack, do the checks that prevent 80% of “why did the burr spike?” problems:

• faces are clean, dry, and free of nicks
• spacer IDs and knife bores are free of galling and fretting dust. If your team doesn’t yet have a standardized spindle inspection record, the arbor bore and runout audit template provides a structured logging format covering ISO fit class, TIR readings, and blue-check results.
• rings are free of cracks, glazing, and permanent flattening
• the arbor and keying surfaces are clean and undamaged

Clearance preset and logging

Treat side-clearance as a controlled parameter, not a tribal memory.

Log these fields every time you build or adjust the head:

• material grade and thickness
• target side-clearance and overlap setting (your baseline window)
• measured axial runout at knife OD (as-built)
• ring durometer/spec and installation date
• torque/clamp method and any deviations

This is where Maxtor Metal can fit naturally into a disciplined process: calibrated spacer supply (with consistent thickness/parallelism), practical ring selection support based on your material range and line speed, and compatibility notes so spacer and ring choices match common OEM arbors and knife formats.

Why trust Maxtor Metal (quality, traceability, and delivery)

If you’re using precision spacers and rubber rings as process components—not “hardware in a box”—you also need suppliers who can document what they ship.

Maxtor Metal can support that documentation with:

• Material control: raw materials from qualified long-term steel suppliers; MTC (Material Test Certificate) available upon request for applicable materials; incoming material checked against purchase specifications.
• Process control: heat treatment selected by steel grade and application; hardness verified after heat treatment before finish grinding.
• Dimensional inspection capability (per drawing requirements): thickness, OD/ID, parallelism/flatness, concentricity (where applicable), radial/axial runout, and cutting edge profile.
• Inspection documents available based on requirement: dimensional inspection report, hardness test report, shipment inspection report, and FAI (First Article Inspection).
• Rückverfolgbarkeit: internal batch number links manufacturing and inspection records; records retained under document control procedures.
• Nonconforming product control: isolation, re-inspection, root-cause analysis when required, and corrective actions before resuming production.
• Typical lead times (actual varies by size/material/complexity): standard samples 7–15 working days, customized samples 10–20, small orders 15–25, regular production 20–35.
• Packaging and corrosion protection: rust preventive oil, anti-corrosion paper, individual protection, moisture-resistant packaging; vacuum packing on request; export cartons/wooden cases for larger blades.
• Technical support: drawing review, material selection, replacement blade sampling, installation/maintenance suggestions, and follow-up on performance issues with corrective actions when applicable.

First‑article validation

Don’t wait for a customer complaint or a full-coil scrap event. Validate on the first article:

• inspect burr height and edge rollover at a defined sampling interval
• confirm strip width vs tolerance (especially across outside lanes)
• listen for abnormal noise or rhythmic marking that suggests runout or ring instability

If you adjust, record what changed and why. Over time, this builds a parameter library tied to coil grades and speeds.

Fallstudie (anonymisiert): Optimierungserfolge durch Standardisierung von Zwischenring-Planflächen und Auswerferkompression

Below is an anonymized field example to show what “stack discipline” can look like when it’s measured and standardized. Numbers are shown as ranges (conservative reporting). Your results will depend on arbor condition, overlap, incoming coil flatness, and operator consistency.

Production background

• Material: Q235 cold rolled steel (EN DC01 equivalent)
• Dicke: 1.2 mm
• Slitting pattern: 12 strips; finished width 85 ±0.10 mm
• Line speed / throughput: 140–180 m/min; ~160–190 tons/shift
• Tooling: slitter knife OD 220 mm × ID 120 mm × 10 mm; arbor Ø120 mm; precision steel spacers + bonded PU stripper rings

Baseline (before)

• Burr height: 18–32 μm
• Knife life: 1,050–1,300 tons between regrinds
• Unplanned downtime: 5–7 stoppages/month (often associated with strip tracking instability and burr growth)

What changed

1) Spacer pack discipline (geometry + seating quality)

• Spacer thickness tolerance: ±0.002 mm
• Parallelism: ≤0.003 mm
• Flatness: ≤0.003 mm
• Spacer faces were reground before installation to remove prior wear marks and reduce cumulative stack-up error.

2) Rubber ring discipline (preload + damping window)

• Ring material: polyurethane (PU)
• Hardness: 85 Shore A
• Target compression: 0.20–0.30 mm (~6–9%)
• Replacement interval: every 7–9 knife changeovers (earlier if permanent compression exceeded ~15%)

3) Assembly and inspection discipline (verify under load conditions)

• Auslaufprüfung: dial indicator on knife OD, ~5 mm behind the cutting edge; target max TIR ≤0.012 mm.
• Assembly: arbor cleaned with solvent + lint-free cloth; spacer faces lightly oiled; hydraulic locking nut tightened to machine spec; stack compressed twice before final tightening to reduce seating error.
• First-off validation (every setup): strip width, burr, edge straightness, strip tracking, recoiler stability; production released after three consecutive coils met specs.

Results (after, observed over ~92 operating days / ~11,800 tons)

• Burr height: 18–32 μm → 8–15 μm
• Knife life: +35–45% (1,050–1,300 t → 1,550–1,850 t)
• Unplanned downtime: 5–7 → 2–3 events/month

How it was measured

• Burr: measured on both strip edges every third coil using a 200× digital metallurgical microscope; selected samples cross-checked with a portable surface profilometer.
• Runout: dial indicator on magnetic base; arbor rotated manually one full revolution; maximum indicator variation recorded as TIR.

Field note (why “in-spec” parts can still fail)

The first implementation did not immediately improve knife life because several older spacers were reused. Although each spacer remained within thickness tolerance, measured face wear of ~0.006–0.010 mm created cumulative irregularity in clamping force. After replacing worn spacers with reground precision spacers and standardizing PU ring compression (~0.25 mm), burr growth became more gradual. Operators also stopped mixing old and new rings within the same stack.

Einschränkungen

These results assumed stable incoming coil flatness, arbor runout below ~0.01 mm, and correct knife overlap settings. If bearings, overlap, or clearance are out of spec, spacer precision alone may not deliver similar gains.

ROI (Wirtschaftlichkeit) und Datenerfassung

Life extension metrics

“Blade life” is not a single number. Track it as a set of operational metrics:

• tons (or meters) run per grind cycle
• average burr height trend vs run time
• number of unplanned stoppages attributed to edge quality

Where Maxtor Metal’s published tolerance discussions for rotary knives are useful is as a reminder that tight geometry control only pays off when you can show it in your own data. Capture the baseline first, then compare after you tighten spacer and ring discipline.

Scrap and uptime impact

The ROI usually comes from two places:

• scrap/rework reduction (less edge trimming, fewer out-of-tolerance coils)
• uptime (fewer changeovers and less “tuning time” after rebuild)

A simple way to quantify:

• Scrap cost = (scrap tons per month) × (material cost per ton)
• Downtime cost = (unplanned downtime hours) × (line value per hour)
• Tooling impact = (knife + spacer + ring cost) per ton processed

You don’t need perfect accounting—just consistent accounting. If you’re evaluating whether a knife material upgrade is warranted alongside spacer and ring improvements, the rotary slitter knife ROI guide provides a cost-per-ton model that can incorporate both tooling and downtime variables.

Data and maintenance cadence

Set a maintenance cadence that matches your sensitivity:

• rings: inspect every build; replace on a defined interval or when set is visible
• spacer faces: clean every build; re-measure and re-lap/replace when seating damage appears
• runout checks: verify after rebuild and after any abnormal event (jam, crash, strip break)

The goal is simple: keep clearance stable enough that knife wear is predictable.

Parameterfenster und Vorlagen zur Verifizierung (Copy/Paste)

Relevante Normen und Prüfverfahren zur Angleichung

When you’re trying to make a stack repeatable, the fastest way to eliminate “supplier interpretation” is to align not just on dimensions, but also on how material and hardness are verified.

Below are widely used ISO/ASTM test methods that many quality teams reference for steel tooling components (always match them to your drawing and customer requirements):

• Hardness verification: Rockwell per ISO 6508-1 Rockwell hardness test; microhardness (when needed for case depth or localized checks) per ASTM E384 microindentation hardness testing oder ISO 6507-1 Vickers hardness test.
• Mechanical testing reference: for general steel product mechanical testing terminology and methods, many specs point to ASTM A370 mechanical testing of steel products.
• Chemical composition verification: for product check analysis and composition verification practices, many steel purchase specs reference ASTM A751 chemical analysis of steel products.
• Geometric tolerancing language (flatness/parallelism/runout definitions on drawings): use ISO 1101 Geometrical tolerancing to make requirements unambiguous.

Practical tip: if you’re requesting an FAI or dimensional report, specify the test method (ISO/ASTM) alongside the numeric requirement. That turns “we checked it” into evidence you can compare across suppliers.

One reason “clearance under load” is hard to maintain is that teams treat side-clearance, overlap, ring compression, and runout as separate knobs. In practice, they form a window.

Use the templates below to define your own process window (based on your material mix, line speed, and edge-quality requirements). Fill them with your validated numbers—don’t guess.

Template A — Process window (by material and thickness)

Notes to define the window:

• Set the clearance/overlap window from first-off trials and customer edge requirements.
• Set ring compression from repeatability (preload) and thermal stability (avoid permanent set).
• Set the runout limit from what your arbors + stack can hold consistently after rebuild.

Template B — Rebuild checklist + record (per setup)

Template C — Burr trend log (during the run)

FAQs:

F: Welche Funktion haben Präzisions-Zwischenringe konkret im Messersatz einer Rotationsschere?

Sie fixieren und sichern die axiale Geometrie zwischen den Messern. Wenn Dicke, Parallelität und Oberflächengüte der Anlageflächen präzise kontrolliert werden, bleibt das Axialspiel (Seitenspiel) auch unter Last konstant, anstatt von Schneidspur zu Schneidspur zu variieren.

F: Wie erkenne ich, ob mein Gratproblem am Axialspiel oder am Messerverschleiß liegt?

Wenn der Grat langsam und gleichmäßig über alle Schneidspuren hinweg zunimmt, deutet dies auf Verschleiß hin. Wenn der Grat jedoch unregelmäßig auftritt, sich nach dem Neuaufbau des Messersatzes verändert oder „kommt und geht“, sollten Sie dies primär als Spaltvariation betrachten, die durch den Aufbau des Messersatzes, Rundlauffehler (Runout) oder Steifigkeitsverlust verursacht wird.

F: Welche Toleranz sollte ich für Zwischenringe beim Längsteilen vorgeben?

Geben Sie die Dickentoleranz basierend auf Ihrer Schnittbreitentoleranz und der Anzahl der Schneidspuren an, und definieren Sie Planparallelität/Ebenheit der Stirnflächen für die Wiederholgenauigkeit. Für die Zeichnungsbemaßung können Allgemeintoleranzen auf die ISO 2768-1 verweisen, während passungskritische Durchmesser einem Toleranz- und Passungssystem wie der ISO 286-1 folgen sollten.

F: Wie helfen Gummiringe (Auswerferringe), die Gratbildung zu reduzieren und die Messerstandzeit zu verlängern?

Sie sorgen für eine kontrollierte Vorspannung und Dämpfung, sodass der Messersatz Mikrobewegungen unter dynamischen Belastungen standhält. Diese Stabilisierung verhindert ein Aufweiten des Axialspiels (Seitenspiels) und reduziert ungleichmäßige Kantenbelastungen, die ein vorzeitiges Ausbrechen der Schneide (Chipping) beschleunigen.

F: Was sind die Anzeichen dafür, dass meine Gummiringe (Auswerferringe) verschlissen sind?

Häufige Anzeichen sind Schwankungen bei der Gratbildung, unregelmäßige Schnittkanten über die verschiedenen Schneidspuren hinweg, Abrieb/Rückstände um den Messersatz herum sowie mangelnde Wiederholgenauigkeit nach dem Neuaufbau. Bleibende Verformung (Druckverformungsrest / Compression Set) und Materialextrusion sind hierbei die üblichen Ursachen.

F: Sollte ich die Einstellungen für das Axialspiel anpassen, wenn ich auf UHSS (höherfesten Stahl) oder Edelstahl wechsle?

Ja – die optimalen Spaltfenster ändern sich in der Regel mit der Festigkeit und Duktilität des Materials. Nutzen Sie die Erstmusterprüfung (First-Article Checks) und dokumentierte Ausgangswerte, anstatt sich auf eine einzige universelle Prozentregel zu verlassen. Fachmedien wie The Fabricator verknüpfen in ihren Beiträgen über Fehler beim Coil-Längsteilen („Slit-in“-Probleme) ein falsches Axialspiel oder eine falsche Eintauchtiefe (Overlap) direkt mit Grat- und Kantenfehlern.

F: Wie messe und protokolliere ich, ob der Wechsel von Zwischenringen und Gummiringen den ROI wirklich verbessert hat?

Erfassen Sie die Tonnage pro Nachschliff (Tons per Grind), den Verlauf der Gratbildung über die Zeit, ungeplante Stopps aufgrund mangelnder Kantenqualität sowie die Rüstzeit vom Neuaufbau bis zur Erstmusterprüfung (Rebuild-to-First-Article). Vergleichen Sie diese Werte mit einem Basiszeitraum bei gleichem Materialmix und identischer Anlagengeschwindigkeit.

F: Sind die Rollenschermesser von Maxtor Metal mit gängigen Längsteilanlagen kompatibel?

Die Kompatibilität hängt von Ihrem Messerwellendurchmesser (Arbor Size), dem Außen- und Innendurchmesser (AD/ID) der Messer, dem Dickebereich sowie dem Format Ihres bestehenden Messersatzes ab. Als schnelle Referenz für Fachbegriffe und Toleranzen beschreibt die Maxtor Metal-Produktseite für Rollenschermesser die gängigen Konfigurationen von Rotations-Schneidmessern und die spezifizierten Präzisionswerte; bitte bestätigen Sie Ihre genauen Geometriedaten vor der Bestellung.

Nächste Schritte (Schnelle Umsetzung)

If you want these gains to be repeatable (not a one-time “good run”), treat the spacer pack and rings like calibrated process components.

1. Define your process window: start with one material + thickness; document your acceptable side-clearance and overlap window.
2. Standardize the spacer pack: don’t mix old and new faces; quarantine spacers with seating-face wear; keep a spacer set ID tied to measurement records.
3. Standardize ring compression: choose one ring spec per setup; measure compression (not just “feel”); replace on a defined cadence.
4. Add one measurement that catches drift early: record knife OD runout (TIR) after every rebuild and after abnormal events.
5. Prove ROI with your own data: track tons per grind, burr trend over time, rebuild-to-first-off time, and unplanned stoppages.

If you’d like, Maxtor Metal can review your drawing or sample stack format and recommend a documented inspection plan (what to measure, how often, and how to record it) before you place a production order.

Fazit

• Key takeaways on spacers, rings, stiffness, and clearance discipline: Stable edge quality comes from holding side-clearance under load. Precision spacers create the rigid geometry; rubber rings provide controlled preload and damping so that geometry doesn’t wander as speed and strip loads rise.
• Next steps: parameter baselines, verification cadence, and continuous improvement: Set a baseline window, measure runout and first-article edge quality every rebuild, and log the results long enough to see real trends. When you treat spacers and rings as calibrated process components—not “hardware in a box”—you can usually turn blade life into something you can forecast.

Autor

Jesse Xu — Senior Quality Engineer, QA (Quality Assurance), Maxtor Metal

Jesse has 15 years of experience in industrial blade quality engineering, with a particular focus on tolerance stack-up analysis, process capability studies for precision-ground components, and building inspection protocols that connect spacer/ring geometry to downstream edge quality. At Maxtor Metal, he leads incoming and in-process inspection for rotary knife sets, spacers, and related tooling components.

Certifications: ASQ – CQE, ISO 9001 Lead Auditor, ASNT Level II

For readers who want more context on rotary knife terminology, typical clearance ranges by application, and the kind of dimensional control modern knife sets aim for, Maxtor Metal’s reference page on Roller shearing blades is a useful starting point.